The Sipani Dolphin Adventure

Images: Vrutika Doshi, R K Sipani, Zuhin Abdul, Gedee Car Museum & Vicky Chandhok

If you have been a regular reader of deRivaz & Ives Magazine, you will have read the two-part article on the three-wheeler Badal (The Sipani Badal, India's first three-wheeled car (derivaz-ives.com), which was last re-published on 28th March this year.

The four-wheeler prototype made by Sipani Automobiles in 1980

The last paragraph of that article went like this: “Interestingly, in 1980, a four-wheeled development of the Badal was prototyped which, in turn, led to a tie-up with the British carmaker Reliant Motors. But then that is another story.”

The four-wheeler prototype by Sipani but pictured recently after it has been restored

Now is the time for that other story.

The three-wheeled Badal, as we know from the earlier article, was not quite a success, and did not, in the slightest way, set the sales charts afire: total sales over a five-year production run did not even add up to a thousand.

Not necessarily the best of designs... the car looks tall and ungainly because of those tiny wheels

To keep Sunrise Auto Industries Limited (SAIL) going, owner and managing director, Ridh Karan Sipani, next developed a four-wheeled version of the Badal, in 1980.

Side shot shows the two doors on the left side of the car

In its basic architecture it remained very similar to the Badal, with a ladder frame chassis supporting the fibreglass body and the mechanicals, with motive power coming from the 10bhp two-stroke single-cylinder 198cc unit derived from the one used to power Scooters India’s Lambretta 200GP scooter (mainly for the export market) and the Vikram three-wheeler.

This rear three-quarter image shows the single door for the driver on the right side of the car—a similar arrangement to that of the Badal

At the front end, the chassis was redesigned to take on a pair of wheels at the extremities, instead of one at the centre, and the suspension system reworked to an independent set-up.

The rear is as simple as it can get

The body was, once again, constructed in fibreglass, but the shape completely redesigned… by who exactly, is not known. Surely, it wasn’t a design by Gave Cursetjee, who had penned the Badal, but likely an in-house attempt, which wasn’t exactly pretty.

Interior is rather stark too, although spacious enough for four adults

The extremely short wheelbase and tiny wheels, with the engine overhung at the rear, necessitated proportions that gave the impression of a high and ungainly vehicle, one which could keel over at the slightest provocation.

To put it in perspective, the SAIL product was even smaller than the Tata Nano

At an overall length and width of around 2.75 metres and 1.22, the four-wheeler was even smaller than a Tata Nano (3.16 and 1.75 metres respectively). For the matter, it was markedly shorter in height too, at 1.22 metres, as compared to the Nano’s tall and mighty 1.65.

And markedly smaller than the Dolphin. Pune-based enthusiast Shreeram Parulekar owns both the vehicles here.

Yet, with the rear bench seat placed above the engine, packaging for four was not insufficient. And just like the Badal, the four-wheeler featured three doors: two on the left side of the car, to allow rear seat passengers access via a second door aft of the first, and just one on the left for the driver to clamber on to his seat.

R K Sipani visited Reliant Motor Company at Tamworth near Birmingham in early 1980. Seen here posing next to a Reliant Kitten

More interestingly, the car worked. It was drivable and had a decent turn of speed (with an estimated top speed of 75 km/h), and unlike Sanjay Gandhi’s Maruti, the ‘four-wheeled Badal’ could have been a not-so-impractical ‘people’s car’, one that could have been produced using completely indigenous components.

Whether the four-wheeled Badal could have sold more than the original three-wheeler is debatable, given the unattractiveness of the flat-sided, amateurish design. But the opportunity never came up to test that hypothesis, as other opportunities presented itself, perchance.

R K Sipani signing the collaboration agreement with Reliant's marketing head Cyril Burton (sitted on the right), as Managing Director Ritchie Spencer (standing) looks on

In 1979, Ritchie Spencer and Cyrus Burton, the Managing Director and the Sales & Marketing Director respectively of Reliant Motor Company, a specialist British car manufacturer, landed up in India looking for technical collaborations in the field of fibreglass.

The Indian Directorate General of Trade and Development (DGTD), based out of Delhi, redirected them to SAIL, and so it came to pass that Reliant Motors got in touch with R K Sipani, with Spencer and Burton landing up in Bangalore at the latter’s modest facilities.

The then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi visiting the Sipani Automobiles stand at the Pragati Maidan during India's first Auto Expo in 1986 (on 3rd January), accompanied by Maruti Udyog's V Krishnamurthy (left) and meeting with R K Sipani (right)

What Reliant had to offer intrigued R K Sipani.

Founded in 1935, Reliant Motor Company was one of Britain’s most important of the specialist carmakers by 1980, with an interestingly broad portfolio that included the desirable Scimitar GTE sports estate, as well as the very popular Reliant Robin, a small three-wheeled car, which sold in impressive numbers as it addressed the (specifically British) market for an inexpensive three-wheeler which could be driven with a motorcycle licence.

When the Sipani Dolphin went into production in 1982 it was arguably the most modern car in India then

Incidentally, in the 1970s, Reliant claimed that it was the second largest British carmaker after British Leyland (dismissing Ford, Vauxhall and Rootes as ‘foreign-owned’).

Positioned midway between the Robin and the decidedly more expensive Scimitar GTE was the Reliant Kitten—not just a four-wheeled version of the Robin, but one that was conceived to take on British Leyland’s bestselling Mini.

Predating the Kitten was the Reliant Rebel, which took the front end of the Regal’s chassis, but modified to accommodate the front suspension and steering system from the Austin Seven.

This beautifully restored Dolphin is part of the Gedee Car Museum collection

The Rebel initially had the four-cylinder 598cc engine of the Regal when it was launched in 1964, which was then bored out to 700cc (in '67), and then to 748cc in 1972.

The Kitten replaced the Rebel in 1975. Designed by Tom Karen of Ogle Design, the Kitten was more ‘grown-up’ compared to the Rebel.

Not only did it feature a more sophisticated independent double wishbone set-up for the front suspensions, but the body style too was also a more fashionable two-box design with the rear window acting as a hatch for access to the boot.

The interiors was functional and access to the rear bench seat was by tilting forward the backrest of the front pair of bucket seats

With the engine moved forward, the space within also increased to that of a true four-seater, instead of the Rebel’s compromised 2+2. The Reliant Kitten was also one of the earliest British small cars to be offered with radial tyres.

With the engine size increased to 848cc, maximum power went up to a reasonable 40bhp, giving the lightweight (508kg) Kitten a modest top speed of 135 km/h.60

The Kitten was launched with two body styles: a two-door saloon (with a glass hatch), and a three-door estate with a more upright rear featuring a side-hinged door. Later, a van version of the latter, but without the rear bench seat, was also on offer.

Space at the rear is limited for really tall people. This car features seat covers which were not standard.

Even if the rear leaf springs gave the car a rather bouncy ride, the quick and direct rack and pinion steering provided the Kitten with go-kart like handling characteristics.

When R K Sipani visited Reliant’s factory at Tamworth, in Staffordshire, some 25 km north of Birmingham, in early 1980, the Kitten caught his eye. After some quick negotiations, SAIL signed a technical collaboration with Reliant Motors.

The rear of the Dolphin is simple and unadorned and features a glass-only hatch that opens up to provide access to rather limited luggage space aft of the rear seat

But how could that work, given that it was the era of the licence Raj?

For an answer to that, you need to tune in again tomorrow…